period 2 encompasses Units 3, 4 & 5
Period 2 (1648–1815): Peace of Westphalia to the Congress of Vienna (end of the Napoleonic Wars)
lectures30-45% of the exam
Absolutism Constitutionalism Political upheaval Scientific Revolution Enlightenment French Revolution + effects --> Rise of Napolean/Congress of Vienna = balance of power in Europe |
Textbook readingsPeriod 2: 1648–1815
(Peace of Westphalia to Congress of Vienna)
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11- ISMs begins at the end of Period 2 and is mostly Period 3.
period 2
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homework1. Quicksheet Unit 3, 4, 5
2. GLN - (06, 07, 09, 10) 3. Key Persons/events/terms review sheet 4. Socratic Seminar Notes key concept outlineKey Concept 2.1 — Different models of political sovereignty affected the relationship among states and between states and individuals.
I. In much of Europe, absolute monarchy was established over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries. A. Absolute monarchies limited the nobility’s participation in governance but preserved the aristocracy’s social position and legal privileges. B. Louis XIV and his finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, extended the administrative, financial, military, and religious control of the central state over the French population. C. In the 18th century, a number of states in eastern and central Europe experimented with enlightened absolutism. D. The inability of the Polish monarchy to consolidate its authority over the nobility led to Poland’s partition by Prussia, Russia, and Austria, and its disappearance from the map of Europe. E. Peter the Great “westernized” the Russian state and society, transforming political, religious, and cultural institutions; Catherine the Great continued this process. II. Challenges to absolutism resulted in alternative political systems. A. The outcome of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution protected the rights of gentry and aristocracy from absolutism through assertions of the rights of Parliament. B. The Dutch Republic, established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg monarchy, developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote trade and protect traditional rights. III. After 1648, dynastic and state interests, along with Europe’s expanding colonial empires, influenced the diplomacy of European states and frequently led to war. A. As a result of the Holy Roman Empire’s limitation of sovereignty in the Peace of Westphalia, Prussia rose to power and the Habsburgs, centered in Austria, shifted their empire eastward. B. After the Austrian defeat of the Turks in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna, the Ottomans ceased their westward expansion. C. Louis XIV’s nearly continuous wars, pursuing both dynastic and state interests, provoked a coalition of European powers opposing him. D. Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power. IV. The French Revolution posed a fundamental challenge to Europe’s existing political and social order. A. The French Revolution resulted from a combination of long-term social and political causes, as well as Enlightenment ideas, exacerbated by short-term fiscal and economic crises. B. The first, or liberal, phase of the French Revolution established a constitutional monarchy, increased popular participation, nationalized the Catholic Church, and abolished hereditary privileges. C. After the execution of Louis XVI, the radical Jacobin republic led by Robespierre responded to opposition at home and war abroad by instituting the Reign of Terror, fixing prices and wages, and pursuing a policy of de-Christianization. AP European History Concept Outline © 2019 College Board 6 Period 2: c. 1648–c. 1815 D. Revolutionary armies, raised by mass conscription, sought to bring the changes initiated in France to the rest of Europe. E. Women enthusiastically participated in the early phases of the revolution; however, while there were brief improvements in the legal status of women, citizenship in the republic was soon restricted to men. F. Revolutionary ideals inspired a revolt of enslaved persons led by Toussaint L’Ouverture in the French colony of Saint Domingue, which became the independent nation of Haiti in 1804. G. While many were inspired by the revolution’s emphasis on equality and human rights, others condemned its violence and disregard for traditional authority. V. Claiming to defend the ideals of the French Revolution, Napoleon Bonaparte imposed French control over much of the European continent, which eventually provoked a nationalistic reaction. A. As first consul and emperor, Napoleon undertook a number of enduring domestic reforms while often curtailing some rights and manipulating popular impulses behind a façade of representative institutions. B. Napoleon’s new military tactics allowed him to exert direct or indirect control over much of the European continent, spreading the ideals of the French Revolution across Europe. C. Napoleon’s expanding empire created nationalist responses throughout Europe. D. After the defeat of Napoleon by a coalition of European powers, the Congress of Vienna (1814–1815) attempted to restore the balance of power in Europe and contain the danger of revolutionary or nationalistic upheavals in the future. Key Concept 2.2 — The expansion of European commerce accelerated the growth of a worldwide economic network. I. Early modern Europe developed a market economy that provided the foundation for its global role. A. Labor and trade in commodities were increasingly freed from traditional restrictions imposed by governments and corporate entities. B. The Agricultural Revolution raised productivity and increased the supply of food and other agricultural products. C. The putting-out system, or cottage industry, expanded as increasing numbers of laborers in homes or workshops produced for markets through merchant intermediaries or workshop owners. D. The development of the market economy led to new financial practices and institutions. I. The European-dominated worldwide economic network contributed to the agricultural, industrial, and consumer revolutions in Europe. A. European states followed mercantilist policies by drawing resources from colonies in the New World and elsewhere. B. The transatlantic slave-labor system expanded in the 17th and 18th centuries as demand for New World products increased. C. Overseas products and influences contributed to the development of a consumer culture in Europe. D. The importation and transplantation of agricultural products from the Americas contributed to an increase in the food supply in Europe. E. Foreign lands provided raw materials, finished goods, laborers, and markets for the commercial and industrial enterprises in Europe. III. Commercial rivalries influenced diplomacy and warfare among European states in the early modern era. A. European sea powers vied for Atlantic influence throughout the 18th century. B. Portuguese, Dutch, French, and British rivalries in Asia culminated in British domination in India and Dutch control of the East Indies. Key Concept 2.3 — The spread of Scientific Revolution concepts and practices and the Enlightenment’s application of these concepts and practices to political, social, and ethical issues led to an increased but not unchallenged emphasis on reason in European culture. I. Enlightenment thought, which focused on concepts such as empiricism, skepticism, human reason, rationalism, and classical sources of knowledge, challenged the prevailing patterns of thought with respect to social order, institutions of government, and the role of faith. A. Intellectuals including Voltaire and Diderot began to apply the principles of the Scientific Revolution to society and human institutions. B. Locke and Rousseau developed new political models based on the concept of natural rights and the social contract. C. Despite the principles of equality espoused by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, intellectuals such as Rousseau offered controversial arguments for the exclusion of women from political life. II. New public venues and print media popularized Enlightenment ideas. A. A variety of institutions, such as salons, explored and disseminated Enlightenment culture. B. Despite censorship, increasingly numerous and varied printed materials served a growing literate public and led to the development of public opinion. C. Natural sciences, literature, and popular culture increasingly exposed Europeans to representations of peoples outside Europe and, on occasion, challenges to accepted social norms. III. New political and economic theories challenged absolutism and mercantilism. A. Political theories, including John Locke’s, conceived of society as composed of individuals driven by self-interest and argued that the state originated in the consent of the governed (i.e., a social contract) rather than in divine right or tradition. B. Mercantilist theory and practice were challenged by new economic ideas, such as Adam Smith’s, which espoused free trade and a free market. IV. During the Enlightenment, the rational analysis of religious practices led to natural religion and the demand for religious toleration. A. Intellectuals, including Voltaire and Diderot, developed new philosophies of deism, skepticism, and atheism. B. Religion was viewed increasingly as a matter of private rather than public concern. C. By 1800, most governments in western and central Europe had extended toleration to Christian minorities and, in some states, civil equality to Jews. V. The arts moved from the celebration of religious themes and royal power to an emphasis on private life and the public good. A. Until about 1750, Baroque art and music promoted religious feeling and was employed by monarchs to illustrate state power. B. Eighteenth-century art and literature increasingly reflected the outlook and values of commercial and bourgeois society. Neoclassicism expressed new Enlightenment ideals of citizenship and political participation. VI. While Enlightenment values dominated the world of European ideas and culture, they were challenged by the revival of public expression of emotions and feeling. A. Rousseau questioned the exclusive reliance on reason and emphasized the role of emotions in the moral improvement of self and society. B. Romanticism emerged as a challenge to Enlightenment rationality. C. Consistent with the Romantic Movement, religious revival occurred in Europe and included notable movements such as Methodism, founded by John Wesley. D. Revolution, war, and rebellion demonstrated the emotional power of mass politics and nationalism. Key Concept 2.4 — The experiences of everyday life were shaped by demographic, environmental, medical, and technological changes. I. In the 17th century, small landholdings, low-productivity agricultural practices, poor transportation, and adverse weather limited and disrupted the food supply, causing periodic famines. By the 18th century, the balance between population and the food supply stabilized, resulting in steady population growth. A. By the middle of the 18th century, higher agricultural productivity and improved transportation increased the food supply, allowing populations to grow and reducing the number of demographic crises (a process known as the Agricultural Revolution). B. In the 18th century, plague disappeared as a major epidemic disease, and inoculation reduced smallpox mortality. II. The consumer revolution of the 18th century was shaped by a new concern for privacy, encouraged the purchase of new goods for homes, and created new venues for leisure activities. III. By the 18th century, family and private life reflected new demographic patterns and the effects of the commercial revolution. A. Although the rate of illegitimate births increased in the 18th century, population growth was limited by the European marriage pattern, and in some areas by various birth control methods. B. As infant and child mortality decreased and commercial wealth increased, families dedicated more space and resources to children and child-rearing, as well as private life and comfort. IV. Cities offered economic opportunities, which attracted increasing migration from rural areas, transforming urban life and creating challenges for the new urbanites and their families. A. The Agricultural Revolution produced more food using fewer workers; as a result, people migrated from rural areas to the cities in search of work. B. The growth of cities eroded traditional communal values, and city governments strained to provide protection and a healthy environment. C. The concentration of the poor in cities led to a greater awareness of poverty, crime, and prostitution as social problems and prompted increased efforts to police marginal groups. |
1. Foundation of Power
- Western Europe:
- Monarchs centralized power and curtailed the influence of the nobility.
- The intendant system in France allowed for bureaucratic control, placing middle-class officials in charge.
- Sovereignty was embodied in the monarch, who was not subordinate to national assemblies(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Louis XIV exemplified this, famously stating, “L’état, c’est moi” (I am the state)(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe:
- Monarchs were more dependent on the nobility for governance and military support.
- Nobility retained considerable local power, particularly over their serfs.
- Monarchs were often "first among equals," needing noble support to maintain their rule(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- In Prussia, the Junkers (noble class) played a dominant role in military and governance(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Western Europe:
- Serfdom had largely disappeared by the 17th century, particularly in countries like France and England(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Peasants had greater personal freedom and fewer obligations tied to land ownership.
- Rural workers still paid taxes and tithes but had some legal rights(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Monarchs, like Louis XIV, focused more on controlling the middle class than rural peasants(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe:
- Serfdom intensified during the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in Russia, Prussia, and Poland(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Peasants were bound to the land and had very limited mobility, often subjected to hereditary servitude(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Lords controlled the judicial systems in their territories, which further oppressed the peasant class(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- In Russia, serfdom was seen as necessary for nobles to maintain their estates, leading to severe restrictions on peasant freedom(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Western Europe:
- Armies were professionalized and maintained during peacetime, such as Louis XIV’s large standing army(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Monarchs used military strength as a tool for expansion, exemplified by the numerous wars of Louis XIV(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- However, military culture did not permeate society to the extent it did in Eastern Europe.
- France’s military was more focused on maintaining the balance of power in Europe rather than being the foundation of societal structure(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe:
- Militarism was a core part of society, especially in Prussia, which became known as the “Sparta of the North”(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Rulers like Frederick William I of Prussia invested heavily in military growth, often spending the majority of national revenue on the army(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Military service was integrated into noble life, with the Junkers serving as military officers(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern European rulers, such as Peter the Great, built massive armies to both defend and expand their empires(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Western Europe:
- Economies were dominated by mercantilism, with monarchs like Louis XIV and his minister Colbert aiming to make France self-sufficient(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Monarchs promoted the growth of industries like textiles, shipbuilding, and arms production(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Trade monopolies were established in overseas colonies to boost wealth(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- France also heavily invested in infrastructure, building roads and canals to promote internal trade(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe:
- Economies were primarily agrarian, relying heavily on serf labor for large estates(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Little focus was placed on industry, and Eastern European economies remained less developed than their Western counterparts.
- Nobles benefited from the increased agricultural output, while peasants were bound to labor for free or minimal wages under systems like robot in Austria(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Trade was limited, and the lack of ports in places like Prussia restricted economic expansion(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Western Europe:
- Monarchs sought to control the nobility by integrating them into court life, such as at Louis XIV’s Versailles(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Nobles were often excluded from direct political power but were appeased with ceremonial roles(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- The intendant system in France replaced local nobles with bureaucrats, reducing noble influence in governance(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Western Europe saw the rise of a stronger middle class, which also contributed to the weakening of noble power(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe:
- Nobility maintained significant power, especially over serfs and local governance(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- In Prussia and Russia, nobles controlled the military as well as the economy of their estates(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- The Habsburgs in Austria and monarchs in Prussia traded political power with the nobility in exchange for military support(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Nobles' influence often grew stronger as monarchs relied on them to maintain order and stability, particularly in times of war(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- 6. Religious Influence
- Western Europe:
- Monarchs like Louis XIV viewed themselves as heads of their national churches, often asserting control over religious institutions(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, removing religious tolerance for Huguenots and enforcing Catholic orthodoxy(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Catholicism remained dominant in France, Spain, and other parts of Western Europe, with monarchs actively shaping religious policies(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- There was some tension between monarchs and the Pope, especially as monarchs sought to limit papal influence in domestic affairs(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe:
- Religion often played a less central role in governance, though in Russia, the Tsar also headed the Russian Orthodox Church(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe’s religious landscape was more diverse, with Orthodox Christianity, Catholicism, and Protestantism often competing for dominance(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- The Ottoman Empire, which controlled parts of Eastern Europe, practiced relative religious tolerance, particularly toward Christian subjects(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Habsburg Austria suppressed Protestantism, as seen with rulers like Leopold I, but also had to manage a multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
7. Centralization of Power- Western Europe:
- Western monarchs like Louis XIV centralized power through a strong bureaucratic system that reduced the power of local lords(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- The use of professional bureaucrats and the intendant system helped Louis XIV and others directly control their states, bypassing local nobility(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Centralized taxation and legal reforms were used to consolidate power, allowing monarchs to fund large standing armies and monumental projects like Versailles(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Central authority was largely unquestioned by the late 17th century in France, with Louis XIV reigning as the quintessential absolutist monarch(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe:
- In contrast, Eastern European monarchs often struggled to fully centralize power due to the entrenched power of the nobility(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Nobles held vast control over their lands and serfs, making it difficult for monarchs to impose their will without noble cooperation(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Peter the Great in Russia made significant strides toward centralization, creating a more unified Russian state with new administrative divisions(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- However, Eastern European rulers, particularly in Austria and Prussia, still had to negotiate power-sharing arrangements with local aristocracies(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- 8. Cultural and Artistic Patronage
- Western Europe:
- Monarchs like Louis XIV used their wealth and power to patronize the arts, promoting cultural grandeur as a symbol of their absolute authority(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- The construction of Versailles was not only a political tool but also a symbol of the king’s cultural dominance, with art and architecture reflecting his divine right(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- French culture became the standard across Europe, with other monarchs aspiring to replicate Louis XIV's court and cultural achievements(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Western European absolutist rulers were great patrons of the Baroque style in art and architecture, emphasizing splendor, power, and control(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe:
- Cultural patronage was less prominent in Eastern Europe initially, though rulers like Peter the Great began to adopt Western styles during the 17th and 18th centuries(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Peter the Great's construction of St. Petersburg and the Peterhof Palace were attempts to emulate Western European grandeur and sophistication(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern European rulers gradually adopted Enlightenment ideas and Western artistic styles, although often lagging behind their Western counterparts(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- The focus in Eastern Europe remained more militaristic and practical, with less emphasis on culture as a symbol of state power until later periods(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- 9. Cultural Influence and Legacy
- Western Europe:
- Western European absolutism, especially in France, was marked by a flourishing of the arts. Louis XIV's court at Versailles became the epicenter of European culture(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Monarchs used cultural patronage to reinforce their power, commissioning grand works of architecture, painting, and music to display their dominance(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- The Baroque style, exemplified in places like Versailles, symbolized the grandeur and power of the monarchy(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- French became the dominant language of diplomacy and culture in Europe, showcasing the influence of France’s absolutist regime(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe:
- In Eastern Europe, cultural influence was more fragmented, as empires like the Habsburgs and Russia ruled over ethnically and linguistically diverse populations(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Peter the Great's efforts to modernize Russia included importing Western European cultural practices, but cultural life was more restricted to the elite(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Architectural projects, such as the building of St. Petersburg, were designed to showcase the power and modernity of the Russian state, echoing Western styles(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Cultural patronage in Eastern Europe, while significant, did not reach the same central role in absolutism as it did in Western Europe, where it became a political tool(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- 10. Wars and Foreign Policy
- Western Europe:
- Western European monarchs often engaged in wars for territorial expansion and to maintain or shift the balance of power. Louis XIV, for example, fought numerous wars aimed at expanding France’s borders(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Western Europe developed a system of alliances to check the power of dominant states, such as the coalition against France during the War of Spanish Succession(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Diplomacy and international treaties played a crucial role, with agreements like the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) serving to limit the ambitions of powerful monarchs(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Warfare was driven by state interests, economic control, and the pursuit of glory, as seen in the reign of Louis XIV(c06-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe:
- Eastern European rulers engaged in wars not only for expansion but also for consolidation of power within their fragmented empires. For instance, the Habsburgs fought wars to centralize their authority in the diverse Austrian Empire(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Eastern Europe faced constant threats from external powers, particularly the Ottoman Empire, leading to frequent military conflicts like the Siege of Vienna in 1683(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Unlike the balance-of-power politics of Western Europe, Eastern European conflicts often involved struggles for survival and the preservation of their territorial integrity(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
- Peter the Great’s wars against Sweden in the Great Northern War were aimed at gaining access to the Baltic Sea and establishing Russia as a European power, reflecting Eastern Europe’s focus on regional dominance(c08-euro-ppt-absolutism…).
In 1648, the number of countries in Europe was different from today, as the political landscape was quite fluid and many modern nations did not yet exist. At that time, Europe was divided into numerous kingdoms, principalities, duchies, and other entities. The Peace of Westphalia, which concluded in 1648, marked the end of the Thirty Years' War and led to the recognition of several sovereign states, including the Dutch Republic and Switzerland.
Ap euro unit 2 exam group re-take
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Period 2
Team 1 Deardorff Kaden Ashiyana Jason Cambria Abdu Andrew Team 2 Tapia Jose Isabella JJ Chumacero Eduardo Katelynn Team 3 Matthew Mead Imarl Jeremiah Luca Logan Arthur |
Team 4
Sam V. Tamia Kylie Soni Jazzy Sammy Team 5 Khloe Aayush Sebastian Israr Ari Roey Team 6 Ethan Liu Dayton Lily Koen Austin Alyssa |
Period 4
Team 1 Omar Riley Megan Caleb Sanna Team 2 Mick Alyssa C. Angel Phillip Videsh Hansen Team 3 Aaron Landen Alexis Emma Kak Bryan |
Team 4
Hizon Maan Miles Korbin Gandhi Miley Team 5 Orozco Julia Natalia Tammy Jack Brush Team 6 CJ Wilson Jaiden Dean Tim Ysabella |